| Egbal, Haydeh | ||
| "The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods on the Izeh Plain" (1976) | ||
| In: Museum of Anthropology, The University of Michigan Technical Reports Number 10, Research Reports in Archaeology Contribution 5 | ||
| Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1976 | ||
| Eggermont, P. H. L. | ||
| Rez. zu F. Altheim u. J. Rehork, Der Hellenismus in Mittelasien (1975) | ||
| Bibliotheca Orientalis, 1975, vol. 32, p. 415-418. | ||
| Eggert, Gerhard | ||
| "The enigmatic battery of Baghdad" (1996) | ||
| Skeptical Inquirer, 1996, vol. 20, no. May-Jun | ||
| Ehling, Kay | ||
| "Die Nachfolgeregelung des Antiochos VII. vor seinem Aufbruch in den Partherkrieg (131 v.Chr.)" (1996) | ||
| Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte, 1996, vol. 46, p. 31-37. | ||
| Ehrhard, N. | ||
| "Parther und parthische Geschichte bei Tacitus" (1998) | ||
| In: Wiesehöfer, Josef (ed.), Das Partherreich und seine Zeugnisse. The Arsacid empire: Sources and documentation. Beiträge des internationalen Colloquiums, Eutin (27. - 30. Juni 1996) | ||
| Stuttgart: Steiner, 1998, p. 295-307. | ||
| Ehrhardt, Chris | ||
| "Greek and Roman coins in New Zealand collections" (1991) | ||
| In: Hackens, T. & et al (eds.), Proceedings of the XIth International Numismatic Congress (Brussels, Sep 1991), vol. 1 | ||
| Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Association Professeur Marcel Hoc, 1993, p. 13-22. | ||
| Ehsani, Mohammad Taghi | ||
| Seven Thousand Years of Metallic Arts in Persia [in Persian] (2003) | ||
| Tehran: Sherkat Entesharat Elmi Va Farhangi, 2003, 246 p. | ||
| Abstract: Five pages of preface are in English, the rest is in Farsi. Illustrated with b/w plates. Some subjects covered are: copper age, ancient treasures, bronze age, iron age, Sasanid, Hakhamaneshian, Ashkanian, the Islamic era, the Samanid, Seljuk, Mogul, Khorasan, Ilkhanid, Timurid, the art of Persian armor from the Sasanid to the Safavid. Some of illustrations include: Safavid brass pail, Safavid arm guards (bazuband), Timurid candle holder, Seljuk tray, gold Parthian bowl, gold Sasanid earrings, Safavid armor, Safavid kulah khud, Safavid jewelry, Shah Abbas Safavid composite Persian armor, Safavid shield, bazuband and many more. [Dealer] | ||
| Eichmann, R. | ||
| "Zur Konstruktion und Spielhaltung der altorientalische Spiesslautenãvon den Anfaengen bis in die Seleukidisch-Parthische Zeit" (1988) | ||
| Baghdader Mitteilungen, 1988, vol. 19, p. 583-625. | ||
| Eiland, Murray L. | ||
| "Roman coins found at Nineveh provide evidence of trade between rival empires" (1992) | ||
| The Celator, 1992, vol. 6, no. 11, p. 30-32. | ||
| Parthian Nineveh (1995) | ||
| Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, 474 p. | ||
| Abstract:
Thesis (D.Phil.)--University of Oxford, 1995 Abstract: The archaeology and history of the Parthian period (c. 150 B. C. - A. D. 250) in Iraq has received little serious attention from scholars in recent years. This thesis used objects in British museum collections from Nineveh as a focus for the study of this period in Northern Mesopotamia, combining traditional archaeological and numismatic analysis with scientific studies. Chapter I presents a critical analysis of the excavated evidence for the occupation of Nineveh in the Parthian period with special attention to distinctive artefacts such as figurines, lamps, and moulded bowls. Chapter II uses petrographic and chemical analysis of selected ceramics to elucidate the materials and methods of manufacture, with particular attention to identifying local and foreign wares: Special attention is paid to glazed wares. Chapter III is a numismatic study based on a major hoard of Parthian bronze coins from Nineveh. A complete re-classification of the hoard not only identifies a number of new coin types, but also provides a revised list of the rulers who issued coins of Nineveh. Chapter IV investigates all aspects of Roman involvement with Nineveh and its place in the stormy relationship between Rome and Parthia. Evidence is advanced for there having been contingents of Roman troops stationed at Nineveh and the site placed within its context in the state of Adiabene. (Index to Theses 46-356) | ||
| "Ceramics of the silk road: Parthia and China" (1996) | ||
| Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society, 1996, vol. 60, p. 105-120. | ||
| "The technology of Parthian ceramics and glass industries" (1996) | ||
| In: Paper presented at the International Conference on Ancient Science and Technology, University of Wales, Gregynog, 6-8 Sep 1995 | ||
| 1996, vol. 60, p. 105-120. | ||
| Abstract:
This paper addresses ceramic and glass materials form the Parthian (150 BC-AD 250) period in Mesopotamia, with particular reference to political motives for continuity rather than change. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Parthian tradition of green glazed ceramics (using a soda-lime alkali glaze) is not one from Iran, but rather one that was adapted from southern Mesopotamia and brought north as the Parthians extended their political control. The green glaze tradition did not reach Central Asia until the late Parthian period, and a similar glazing technology was not adopted (in antiquity) in western China until the T'ang Dynasty (AD 618-907). This geographical progression of green glaze points to a number of interesting observations. Perhaps the most significant is that during this period trade in vessels to various areas did not appear to stimulate local imitation wares of a particular type were associated with political blocks. More significantly, the tradition of Roman lead glazing was not adopted in any of the Parthian regions, and did not spread into Mesopotamia or Central Asia. The site of Nineveh during the Parthian period is most instructive, as technologically superior lead glazed vessels from Anatolia were produced no more than 200 kilometres away from the site. There appears to be some attempt at local imitation, but Parthian wares of Roman style from Nineveh are crudely made with a slip instead of a lead glaze. Glass also appears to have been produced on a limited scale in the Parthian empire. While the site of Dura-Europos on the Euphrates - in Roman controlled Syria - offers substantial evidence for the trade of glass, there is a corresponding lack of evidence from Nineveh or other Parthian sites. Although a number of studies have addressed the topic of technological change without particular regard to national boundaries, it is clear that during the Parthian period there was a significant divide between Roman and Parthian worlds. [Author] | ||
| "Parthians and Romans at Nineveh" (1998) | ||
| In: Dabrowa, Edward, Ancient Iran and the mediterranean world. Proceedings of an international conference in honour of Professor Józef Wolski held at the Jagiellonian university, Cracow, in September 1996 (Electrum. Studies in Ancient History. 2.) | ||
| 1998 | ||
| "The Parthian 'dark age' : history from coins" (1999) | ||
| The Celator, 1999, vol. 13, no. 3 (Mar), p. 38-42. | ||
| "Judaism among the Parthians" (2000) | ||
| Minerva, 2000, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 45-46. | ||
| Parthians In Nineveh: Identifying a Nomadic Administration (2003) | ||
| 2003 | ||
| "Parthian Coins: Lesion Lessons" (2004) | ||
| Minerva, 2004, vol. 15, no. 1 (Jan/Feb), p. 45-47. | ||
| Eilers, Wilhelm | ||
| "Iran and Mesopotamia" (1983) | ||
| In: Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran. The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods, vol. 3, part 1 | ||
| Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 481-504. | ||
| El-Khouri, Lamia Salem | ||
| The Nabataean Terracotta Figurines (2001) | ||
| Manheim: University of Manheim, 2001 | ||
| Abstract: Extensive comparisons of Parthian and Nabataen art. | ||
| Elmen, J. F. | ||
| "Some observations on the planchets, striking technique and dies of the Parthian drachm forgeries" (1994-1995) | ||
| Bulletin on Counterfeits, 1994, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 34-35. | ||
| Abstract: Elmen concludes that, by using a binocular microscope, he positively determined that a representative group of the suspect Parthian drachms illustrated by A. Walker (in the same issue, pp. 2-33) are definitely false. | ||
| Elsen, Jean | ||
| Sale Catalog -- Jean Elsen Fixed Price List 212 (2000) | ||
| Brussels: Jean Elsen, s.a., 2000, vol. 212 | ||
| Abstract: Illustrates coins of Persis (15), Characene (1), Elymais (3), Parthia (28), Sasanian (29), and Bactria (6). | ||
| Elwell-Sutton, Laurence Paul | ||
| A guide to Iranian area study (1952) | ||
| Ann Arbor: J. W. Edwards, 1952, 235 p. | ||
| Engelmann, H. | ||
| "Eine Victoria Caesaris und das Parthermonument (IvE 721)" (1996) | ||
| Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 1996, vol. 113, p. 91-93. | ||
| Engle, Anita | ||
| "Puzzle of the Royal Glass Rhytons" (1985) | ||
| In: Engle, Anita (ed.), Readings in Glass History, vol 19 | ||
| Phoenix, 1985, p. 100. | ||
| Abstract: Traces the origins of Glass Rhytons from the Roman period and their association with the Parthian Empire. Also includes articles on Sidonian glass and relationship with glass found at Begram in Afghanistan. | ||
| English, Paul Ward | ||
| "Qanats and Lifeworlds in Iranian Plateau Villages" (1998) | ||
| In: Transformations of Middle Eastern Natural Environments: Legacies and Lessons. Bulletin series / Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies ; no. 103 | ||
| New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998, p. 187-205. | ||
| Abstract: Through a review of the literature on qanat history, this article provides an overview of one of the most significant hydraulic technologies of the pre-modern Middle East. The article covers qanat origins, diffusion and construction techniques, then compares the productivity and sustainability of qanats with modern deep well systems powered by motorized pumps. The replacement of qanats with deep wells has serious implications for the ground water resources of much of the Middle East. The profound importance of qanats in shaping the lifeworlds of villagers in pre-modern Iranian plateau settlements has meant that the shift towards reliance on deep well systems has had ramifications for plateau society that go far beyond water resource exploitation. [Author] | ||
| Enoki, K., Koshelenko, Gennadij A. & Haidary, Z. | ||
| "The Yüeh-chih and the migrations" (1994) | ||
| In: Harmatta, Janos (ed.), History of Civilizations of Central Asia, vol. 2 : The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250 | ||
| Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1994, p. 171-189. | ||
| Abstract:
Contents: "Introduction" by J. Harmatta "Ancient Iranian Nomads in western Central Asia" by A. Abetekov and H. Yusupov "Media and Achaemenid Iran" by M.A. Dandamayev "Alexander and his successors in Central Asia" by A.H. Dani and P. Bernard "The Greek kingdoms of Centra Asia" by P. Bernard "Parthia" by G.A. Koshelenko and V.N. Pilipko "Nomads in eastern central Asia" by N. Ishjamts "The Yüeh-chih and their migrations" by K. Enoki, G.A. Koshelenko and Z. Haidary "The Sakas and Indo-Parthians" by B.N. Puri "The culture of the Xinjiang Region" by Ma Yong and Wang Binhua "The Western Regions under the Hsiung-nu and the Han" by Ma Yong and Sun Yutang "The Kushans" by B.N. Puri "Economy and social system in Central Asia in the Kushan age" by A.R. Mukhamedjanov "Cities and urban life in the Kushan kingdom" by B.A. Litvinsky "Religions in the Kushan Empire" by J. Harmatta, with the contributions of B.N. Puri, L. Lelekov, S. Humayan, D.C. Sircar "Kushan art" by G.A. Pugachenkova, S.R. Dar, R.C. Sharma, M.A. Joyenda, in collaboration with H. Siddiqi "Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka kingdoms" by J. Harmatta "Languages and literature in the Kushan Empire" by J. Harmatta "States in north-western Central Asia" by N.N. Negmatov "The nomads of northern Central Asia after the invasion of Alexander" by Y.A Zadneprovskiy "The rise of Sasania Iran" by B.A. Litvinsky, with the contributions of M. Hussain Shah and R. Shabani Samghabadi "Conclusion" by J. Harmatta | ||
| Erdmann, Kurt | ||
| "Partho-Sasanid Art" (1930) | ||
| Apollo, 1930, vol. 12, p. 422-426. | ||
| Abstract: Traite principalement de l'art sassanide | ||
| "Partho-Sassanian Ceramics" (1935) | ||
| The Burlington Magazine, 1935, vol. 67, p. 71-77. | ||
| "Eine arsakidische Fayenceschale" (1964) | ||
| In: Bittel, Kurt; Heinrich, Ernst; Hrouda, Barthel & Nagel, Wolfram (eds.), Vorderasiatische Archäologie: Studien und Aufsätze Anton Moortgat zum fünfundsechzigsten Geburtstag gewidmet von Kollegen, Freunden und Schülern | ||
| Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1964, p. 85-87. | ||
| "Iran. Parther und Sasaniden by Roman Ghirshman" (book review) (1964) | ||
| In: Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft, vol. 36 | ||
| 1964, p. 485-493. | ||
| Ettinghausen, R. | ||
| "Parthian and Sasanian Pottery" (1938) | ||
| In: Pope, Arthur Upham & Ackerman, Phyllis (eds.), A Survey of Persian art from prehistoric times to the present (1981 Centennial edition), vol. 1 | ||
| New York: Maxwell Aley Literary Associates, 1981, 3 ed., p. 646-664. | ||
| Eusebius Pamphili | ||
| The ecclesiastical history / Eusebius ; with an English translation by Kirsopp Lake (in 2 vols) (1932) | ||
| In: The Loeb classical library - Greek authors ; 153, 265 | ||
| Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1932 | ||
| Abstract: Author is Eusebius of Caesarea, Bishop of Caesarea, ca. 260-ca. 340 | ||
| Eutropius (4th cent) | ||
| Historiæ Romanæ breviarium : cum versione Anglica, in qua verbum de verbo exprimitur; notis quoque & indice: or, Eutropius's Compendious history of Rome / together with an English translation, as literal as possible, notes and an index by John Clarke (4th0攄 | ||
| New York: Evert Duyckinck, 1805, 3 ed. | ||
| Abstract: See 8.6 for plague story concerning Roman army in Mesopotamia. | ||
| Evans, J. Gilbert | ||
| "Oriental coins donated by J. Gilbert Evans" (1987) | ||
| The Numismatist, 1987, vol. 100 (Dec), p. 2580-83. | ||
| Abstract: ANA Museum holdings. | ||
| Fabrègues, Chantal | ||
| "The Indo-Parthian Beginnings of Gandhara Sculpture" (1987) | ||
| Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 1987, tome/ser. New, vol. 1 | ||
| Abstract: Excavations at the Gandharan site of Butkara (Pakistan) have yielded sculpture, dated numismatically around the beginning of the period of Parthian domination in the area, which displays both subject matter and style similar to that of objects found in the Indo-Greek levels at Sirkap (Taxila). For example, the Parthian-style jewelry represented on Butkara sculpture to that worn by bracket figures from Taxila. The costume of the figures on the Butkara sculptures is undeniably Parthian; it is identical to that shown on the Parthian bronze statue from Shami. [C.A. Bromberg] | ||
| Faizkhah, Said; Azizipoure; Tahereh; Nadooshan, F.; & Niah, Sabir Hassan | ||
| "The socio-political condition of Azerbaijan in the Parthian period" (2005) | ||
| Journal of the Classical and Medieval Numismatic Society, 2005, tome/ser. 2, vol. 6, no. 3 (Sep), p. 5-11. | ||
| Abstract: Illustrates and discusses 21 Parthian coins in the Tabriz museum. | ||
| Falk, H. | ||
| "Names and Weights inscribed on some vessels from the silver hoard" (2001) | ||
| Journal des savants, 2001, no. Jul-Dec | ||
| Abstract: An annex to François Baratte's article, "Orient et Occident : le témoignage d'une trouvaille d'argenterie d'époque parthe en Asie centrale" | ||
| Fard, Seyfollah Kambakhsh | ||
| Goor Khomre-haye Ashkani [Potteries/Jars from the Parthian Graves] (1998) | ||
| Tehran: Markaz-e Nashr-e Danishgahi, 1998 | ||
| Farkas, Alexander | ||
| Die Ikonographie der Partherkönige. Anhang: Unedierte griechischer Münzen (1933) | ||
| Aiud-Magyenyed, 1933, 17 p. | ||
| Die Ikonographie der Partherkönige (1933) | ||
| Paris: 1933 | ||
| L'iconographie des rois parthes : supplément monnaies grecques inéditées (1934) | ||
| Aiud-Magyenyed, 1934, 13 p. | ||
| Farr, Edward | ||
| Ancient history : containing the history of the Egyptians,Assyrians, Chaldeans, Medes, Lydians, Carthaginians, Persians, Macedonians, the Seleucidae in Syria, and Parthians, from Rollin, and other authentic sources,both ancient and modern (1856) | ||
| Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach, Keys & Co., 1856 | ||
| Abstract:
Note: "That portion which has been derived from Rollin, is entirely rewritten."--Pref. See pp. 341-362 for "The History of the Parthians" chapter. | ||
| Farrokh, Kaveh | ||
| Parthian is not Turkish (2003) | ||
| 2003 | ||
| Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War (2007) | ||
| Osprey, 2007 | ||
| Abstract: The text outlines Persia's contributions to world civilization in areas such as mythology, technology, sciences, literature, militaria, the arts, music, architecture and garments. | ||
| Fehervari, Geza | ||
| Ceramics of the Islamic world in the Tareq Rajab Museum (2000) | ||
| New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000 | ||
| Abstract: The Tareq Rajab Museum is in Kuwait. See chapter one, "The Pre- and Early Islamic Periods (2nd to 8th centuries)". | ||
| Ferguson, R. James | ||
| Rome and Parthia: Power Politics and Diplomacy Across Cultural Frontiers (2005) | ||
| In: Research Paper No. 12, December 2005. The Centre for East-West Cultural and Economic Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Bond University, Australia | ||
| 2005 | ||
| Ferrero, Guglielmo | ||
| "Caesar's Last Ambition-The Conquest of Parthia" (1907) | ||
| In: Zimmern, Alfred E. (tr.), The greatness and decline of Rome, Vol 2 : Julius Caesar | ||
| New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1907 | ||
| Abstract: Translation of Guglielmo Ferrero's Grandezza e decadenza di Roma, publish in Milano, Fratelli Treves, 1902-04. | ||
| Ferrier, Ronald W. (ed.) | ||
| The arts of Persia (1989) | ||
| In: Yale Classical Studies | ||
| New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989, 334 p. | ||
| Abstract: MWW: Brief historical surveys for each major historical period of Iran, including Elam (ca. 3000-550 BCE), Achaemenid empire (550-330 BCE), Parthian empire (250 BCE-224 CE), and Sasanian empire (224-651 CE). Superb plates. | ||
| Fink, R. O. | ||
| "Victoria Parthica and Kindred Victoriae" (1942) | ||
| In: Harmon, A. M. & Bellinger, Alfred R. (eds.), Yale Classical Studies, vol. 8 | ||
| New Haven: Yale University Press, 1942, p. 81-102. | ||
| Bibliography - Page 18 |
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