| Sims-Williams, Nicholas (continued) | ||
| "The Parthian Abstract Suffix -yft". (2004) | ||
| In: Penney, John H. W. (ed.), Indo-European Perspectives. Studies in Honour of Anna Morpurgo Davies | ||
| New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 539-547. | ||
| Sims-Williams, Nicholas & de Blois, F. | ||
| "The Bactrian Calendar" (1998) | ||
| Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 1998, tome/ser. New, vol. 10, p. 149-165. | ||
| Simulations Publications Inc. | ||
| Legion. Tactical Warfare in Roman Age, 100BC-700AD (1975) | ||
| Simulations Publications Inc., 1975 | ||
| Abstract:
"Legion" covers the period in which Roman dominance was extended across the entire known world, from 106 B.C., through the beginning of the long decline of the Roman Empire; the final battle depicted occurred in A.D. 552. The development of the Roman legion throughout those six centuries is demonstrated, as is the changing quality of its opponents. We see the Romans pitted against various barbarians, watching a sort of capsulization of Roman expansion. Game has 21 scenarios, including Carrhae 53 BC: Romans vs. Parthians and Daras AD 530: Byzantines vs. Persians | ||
| Sinor, Denis (ed.) | ||
| The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (1990) | ||
| Cambridge: 1990 | ||
| Abstract: See pages 158-171 for discussion of Parthian history with relationship to other countries of inner Asia. | ||
| Sitwell, N. N. H. | ||
| The World the Romans Knew (1984) | ||
| London: Hamish Hamilton, 1984 | ||
| Abstract: History of the world at time of Rome's height; Celts, Germans, Africa, Eastern Europe, Arabia, Parthians, Sasanians, India, etc. | ||
| Skalmowski, W. | ||
| "Das Nomen im Parthischen" (1967) | ||
| Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Jezykoznawczego = Bulletin de la Société polonaise de linguistique, 1967, vol. 25, p. 75-89. | ||
| Skjærvø, Prods Oktor | ||
| "Verbal Ideograms and the Imperfect in Middle Persian and Parthian" (1953) | ||
| In: Sprengling, M., im Druck. Third Century Iran, Sapor and Kartir | ||
| Chicago: 1953 | ||
| "Thematic and linguistic parallels in the Achaemenian and Sassanian inscriptions" (1953) | ||
| 1953 | ||
| "Case in Inscriptional Middle Persian: Inscriptional Parthian and the Pahlavi Psalter" (1983) | ||
| Paris: Studia Iranica, 1983, vol. 12, p. 47-62, 151-181. | ||
| "Verbs in Parthian and Middle Persian Inscriptions" (1986) | ||
| In: Studia Grammatica Iranica. Festschrift für Helmut Humbach | ||
| München: 1986, p. 425-439. | ||
| "Verbal Ideograms and the Imperfect in Middle Persian and Parthian" (1989) | ||
| In: Etudes irano-aryennes offertes à Gilbert Lazard / réunies par C.-H. de Fouchécour et Ph. Gignoux. Studia Iranica, cahier 7. | ||
| Paris: Association pour l'avancement des études iraniennes, 1989, p. 333-354. | ||
| “The Earliest Datable Inscription on a Sasanian Bowl: Two Silver Bowls in the J. Paul Getty Museum” (1993) | ||
| Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 1993, tome/ser. New, vol. 7, p. 181-192. | ||
| “Aramaic in Iran” (1995) | ||
| In: ARAM 7 (Palmyra and the Aramaeans), 1995 [1997/98] | ||
| ARAM, 1995, vol. 7, p. 283-318. | ||
| "The Avesta as source for the early history of the Iranians" (1995) | ||
| In: Erdosy, George (ed.), The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia : language, material culture and ethnicity | ||
| Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1995 | ||
| “Iranian alphabets derived from Aramaic” (1996) | ||
| In: Daniels, Peter T. & Bright, W. (eds.), The World’s Writing Systems | ||
| New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 515-535. | ||
| "The Joy of the Cup: A Pre-Sasanian Middle Persian Inscription on a Silver Bowl" (2000) | ||
| Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 2000, tome/ser. New, vol. 11, p. 93-104. | ||
| Abstract: The inscription on the silver bowl, which belonged to Prince Wahixshar, asks that the bowl give happiness to his brother, King Ardaxshar, and gives its weight as 50 staters. In discussing the inscription, the author makes various references to Parthian letter forms. Table 1 gives values of the stater on Parthian-period silver bowls; table 2 is a chart of the paleography of various Parthian letter forms. | ||
| "Methodological Questions in Old Persian and Parthian Epigraphy" (2002) | ||
| Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 2002, tome/ser. New, vol. 13, p. 157-167. | ||
| The Videvdad: its Ritual-Mythical Significance (2007) | ||
| In: Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh & Stewart, Sarah (eds.), Age of the Parthians. Series: Idea of Iran, vol. 2 | ||
| London: I.B. Tauris, 2007 | ||
| “Middle Persian and Parthian” (in press) | ||
| In: Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.), Typologies of Iranian Languages. | ||
| “Writing systems. Iran: scripts, Aramaic” (in press) | ||
| In: Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics | ||
| 2 ed. | ||
| “Old Iranian languages” (in press) | ||
| In: Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.), Typologies of Iranian Languages. | ||
| Skupinska-Løvset, Ilona | ||
| Portraiture in Roman Syria : a study in social and regional differentiation within the art of portraiture (1999) | ||
| Lódz: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Lódzkiego, 1999, 280 p. | ||
| Abstract:
PART. II. REGIONAL ART EXPRESSIONS IN THE POPULARIST STYLE Chapter 7. Fragmentary Statues 7.8. Chevalier Parthe | ||
| Slocum, John J. | ||
| "Another Look at the Coins of Hatra" (1977) | ||
| Museum Notes, 1977, vol. 22, p. 37-48. | ||
| Smirnova, Natasha | ||
| "Some questions regarding the numismatics of pre-Islam Merv" (2004) | ||
| In: Symposium: After Alexander: Central Asia Before Islam. Themes in the history and Archaeology of Western Central Asia The British Academy, London, 23-25 June 2004 | ||
| 2004 | ||
| Abstract:
The numismatic material coming from the sites of Ancient Merv is large: the number of surface finds as well as that of stratified coins is substantial. The International Merv Project (IMP) had at its disposal about 1,550 coins discovered during excavations and survey work between 1992 and 2000. There are also several hundred coins including some hoards in the numismatic depository of the South Turkmenistan Archaeological Multi-disciplinary Expedition (YuTAKE) set up by M.E.Masson in the 1950s. Archaeological investigations in Merv confirmed the existence of a Greek context covered over later by subsequent Parthian, Sasanian and Islamic structures. Twenty-six Greek coins from Gyaur-kala are mostly bronze specimens of small denominations, which came from the site after excavation work or as chance finds (1953-2000). There are no less than three new coin types occasionally present among the numismatic finds, which were unknown before the publication of Merv numismatic materials and which serve to confirm local minting and circulation. The composition of the list of Greek coin-finds from Ancient Merv is similar to the range coming from some other Central-Asian city-sites (Takht-i Sangin, Ai Khanoum). The presence in Margiana of Seleucid and Graeco-Bactrian coins confirmed the political influence and possessions of the Hellenistic rulers in this area. There is no interruption in the Greek numismatics of Margiana from Antiochus I (281-261 BC) to Eucratides I (170-145 BC). The question remains as to whether the Bactrian Greeks were the real owners of Margiana and, if so, which one of them (Diodotes I or Diodotes II) was the first ruler here. In the mid-2nd century BC Margiana was incorporated into the expanding Parthian state. There is not one Parthian drachm from Merv from before the time of Phraates II (138-127 BC), who, as we know, emerged victorious from the fighting in 129 BC for the Eastern Satrapies against the Seleucid king, Antiochus VII [Justin, XLII, 1.4-5]. The question to be resolved is when the Parthians conquered Margiana – just after the death of Eucratides I between 145 and 129 BC or earlier, when Margiana – as one of two provinces lost by the Bactrians – was conquered by the Parthians [Justin, XL, 6]. Stable Parthian rule in Margiana between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century AD is demonstrated by the numismatic evidence. We have at our disposal 200 specimens of Parthian copper coins, which were mainly minted locally by unknown rulers from one of the branches of the Aršakid dynasty (monogram ? under a bow). These local issues are still not classified, because the complicated question of the last Parthian issues in Margiana has not yet been resolved. About 30 late Roman Imperial bronze coins of small denominations of the 4th-5th century AD and some rare Byzantine bronze coins have been found in Merv, which served to confirm contacts between the Roman, Byzantine and Sasanian empires. Among the 1,550 coin-finds from Merv there are about 1,000 identified items, including 700 coins – mostly bronze specimens – belonging to the Sasanian period. The most intensive period of coin production in Merv was in the reign of Shapur I (240-272) and Shapur II (309-379). A new local type of Sasanian coin with the image of a horseman was identified as having been minted by the Merv king ruling from 240-260. There are no more than 10 coins from Merv, which belong to the categories of Vasudeva Imitations and Kushano-Sasanian Coppers by Hormizd (1) and Varahran (1). The short interruption (272-276) in Merv minting between Shapur I (240-272) and Varahran II (276-293) could possibly have been used by Kushanshah Hormizd I for issuing his rare Merv series. Mainly Kushan imitations and Kushano-Sasanian coppers were imported into Margiana and Sogdiana from Bactria and these were concentrated in the border region along the Amu-Darya river – the main trade route in Central Asia, but they were occasionally discovered in Merv itself. The Sasanian coinage of the 4th and 5th centuries AD is well represented by coin-finds from the city-sites of Merv. Yet we have no registered coins of Ardashir II (379-383). The bronze coins of Varahran V (420-438) issued by the Merv mint are also unknown, but silver drachms of the Sasanian ruler were struck in Merv, issued specially for the needs of his military campaigns on the north-eastern borders of the Sasanian empire against the nomads. The period from the second half of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century AD is remarkable for the absence of bronze anonymous issues with a fork-like object on the obverse, which appeared at this time. In 510 AD the minting of silver drachms began once again in Merv because of the more stable situation during Kavad's rule. Locally minted Sasanian coins of the 6th to early 7th century are well represented in Merv. There are two rare coins of Sasanian type of unknown local rulers from the second half of the 7th century and one with the name Halid, the Muslim governor of Basrah. [Author] | ||
| "Some Questions regarding the Numismatics of pre-Islamic Merv" (2007) | ||
| In: Herrmann, Georgina & Cribb, Joe (eds.), After Alexander: Central Asia Before Islam | ||
| London: Oxford University Press, 2007 | ||
| Smith, Andrew M., II | ||
| Identity, community, and state formation at Roman Palmyra (2004) | ||
| College Park, MD: University of Maryland College Park, 2004 | ||
| Abstract: This is a study of identity, community, and the process of state formation in the Roman period at Palmyra, an oasis city in the Syrian desert, from the first to third centuries C.E. I address the key issue of cultural transmission and the development of an indigenous Palmyrene identity and community in the Roman Near East, as influenced by their pastoralist backgrounds and their contacts with Parthian and Roman powers. I examine these issues primarily through a re-evaluation of the local epigraphy in its urban context, complemented by examinations of the archaeology of the city and narrative sources. I demonstrate how the Palmyrenes managed to build a civic community that was distinctively Mediterranean in its makeup, and where a small elite dominated public affairs. I demonstrate how, despite increasing Roman influence over the city during the period of this study, the Palmyrenes retained their native identities in a communal setting, characterized by a cultural blend of Roman, Parthian, and indigenous habits. [Author] | ||
| Smith, F. | ||
| "Die Schlacht bei Carha" (1915) | ||
| Historische Zeitschrift, 1915, tome/ser. 3.F, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 237-262. | ||
| Smith, George | ||
| Assyrian discoveries : an account of explorations and discoveries on the site of Ninevah, during 1873 and 1874 (1875) | ||
| London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1875, 461 p. | ||
| Abstract:
From Preface ... THE following work was written to give in a permanent form some account of the excavations undertaken in 1873 and 1874 on the site of Nineveh ; and the principal discoveries which have resulted from these operations. The honour of having started this enterprise belongs to the proprietors of the "Daily Telegraph" newspaper, and at the close of the first expedition they presented the firman and excavating plant to the trustees of the British' Museum to facilitate the renewal of the work. The second expedition was only to take advantage of the remainder of the time allowed by the firman, and I was directed to close the excavations within the period allowed by the concession of the Porte. I have been working in the territory of the Turkish empire, and it is with regret that I have had to mention the unsatisfactory conduct of many of its agents. I have not made the most of this; I have omitted many incidents of bad conduct, and have stated those I have mentioned as moderately and slightly as possible; but I could not have passed the subject over entirely without falsifying my narrative. I have not the smallest doubt that in the government of Asia the Turks are not alive to their own interests, and particularly in the oppressive laws and persecution of the Christians. The American missions in Asiatic Turkey are doing a noble work in the country, but they can only be useful in proportion to the amount of official support they receive from England and America. | ||
| Smith, R. Morton | ||
| Kings and coins in India : Greek and Saka self-advertisement (1997) | ||
| New Delhi: Harman Publishing House, 1997, 154 p. | ||
| Abstract: Contents: Preface. 1. From Diodotus to Pacores. 2. Introduction. 3. Success; to the death of Strabo I 101 BC. 4. Disruption; Antialcidas--Hermaeus 100-024 BC. 5. Sakas & Parthians 57 BC-63 AD. Appendices. Bibliography. Index of names and kings. Plates of monograms and symbols. " The present work seeks to establish a chronology that makes historical sense paying attention to the Indian information of the period of the Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian kings down to the establishment of the Kushan dynasty. While recognizing that the most lasting Greek legacy is coinage with the issuer's name, and so not profoundly significant for culture, this should not be without use and interest. " (publisher) | ||
| Smith, Vincent A. et al. | ||
| Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum Calcutta. Including the Cabinet of the Asiatic Society of Bengal : Vol. 3: Græco-Bactrian (1906) | ||
| Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906 | ||
| Abstract:
ANA Library has a 1972 date for this: a reprint? Vol. 3: Græco-Bactrian: "presents an enchanting variety of coins. Not only are included here the coins of the Græco-Bactrian and Indo-Skythian kings, but also the Parthian, Selukidian, Roman & Byzantine coins. It also catalogues coins of ancient India, some of which were probably among the ones current at the time of Alexander's invasion." | ||
| Smitha, Frank E. | ||
| "Persia and its Religious Mix to A.D. 300" | ||
| In: The Ancient World: civilizations and barbarism; philosophies and changing religions; achievements and limitations | ||
| Soden, Wolfram von | ||
| The ancient Orient : an introduction to the study of the ancient Near East [Einführung in die Altorientalistik in English] (1994) | ||
| Grand Rapids, Mich: W. B. Eerdmans, 1994 | ||
| Abstract:
Translated by Donald J. Schley This book represents the first comprehensive, interdisciplinary presentation of ancient Near Eastern civilization. Concentrating on Mesopotamia and North Syria and focusing particularly on the cultures of Sumer, Babylonia, and Assyria, von Soden covers the earliest times to Hellenization. His study of ancient "humanity in its wholeness" includes treatments of the history of language and systems of writing, the state and society, nutrition and agriculture, artisanry, economics, law, science, religion and magic, art, music, and more. Valuable background work for students of the Bible. Includes 18 black-and-white photographs. [Publisher] | ||
| Solinus, Caius Julius | ||
| Polyhistor, rerum toto orbe memorabilium thesaurus locupletissimus. Huic ob argumenti similitudinem Pomponii MELAE de situ orbis libros tres, fide dilientiaque summa recongitos, adiunximus. ... (Hrsg. von Sebastian Münster) (1538) | ||
| Basel: Michael IsIngrin und Heinrich Petri, 1538 | ||
| Soma, Takashi | ||
| "Parthia Tsuka Meibun Shityo" ["Numismatic study of Parthian Coins" in Japanese] (1970) | ||
| Museum, 1970, no. 237 (Dec), p. 30-33. | ||
| Abstract: Inscriptions on Parthian coins from 249 B.C. to A.D. 227 are explained with portraits of Parthian kings. [Hitoshi Kozono] | ||
| Sommer, Michael | ||
| Hatra : Geschichte und Kultur einer Karawanenstadt im römisch-parthischen Mesopotamien (2003) | ||
| Mainz: Zabern, 2003, 83 p. | ||
| "The Desert and the Sown. Imperial Supremacy and Local Culture in Partho-Roman Mesopotamia" (2004) | ||
| In: Parthia and beyond. Cultural interconnections in the classical period. Papers in honour of Gennadij A. Koselenko | ||
| Parthica, 2004, vol. 6, p. 236-246. | ||
| Sonnabend, Holger | ||
| Fremdenbild und Politik. Vorstellungen der Römer von Ägypten und dem Partherreich in der späten Republik und frühen Kaiserzeit (1986) | ||
| 1986 | ||
| Abstract: See review by Linda-Marie Hans in Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft, Bd. 59 (1987), S. 559-561. Also, Dorothy J. Thompson's review "Egypt and Parthia through Roman Eyes, Fremdenbild und Politik: Vorstellungen der Romer von Agypten und dem Partherreich in der spaten Republik und fruhen Kaiserzeit by Holger Sonnabend" in The Classical Review, New Ser., Vol. 39, No. 1. (1989), pp. 86-87; Stephen Mitchell, Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 79, 1989 (1989) , p. 196 | ||
| Sotheby Parke-Bernet, Inc. | ||
| Cranbrook collections : the property of the Cranbrook Academy, Bloomfield Hills, Illinois (New York City, May 2-5, 1972) (1972) | ||
| 1972 | ||
| Abstract:
the renowned Cranbook Academy of Art organized this historic sale in order to raise funds for its graduate school. Divided into four sessions, the sale included more than 500 lots drawn from the Academy's famed museum collections, representing a wide range of fine and decorative arts. Session #3, May 3, 1972: Egyptian, Western Asiatic & Classical Antiquities, Indian & Islamic Art, and Pre-Columbian & African Art (Lots 200 - 367). Included works in stone, bronze, silver, gold, wood, ivory, pottery, faience, terracotta, glass, and more. Countries and cultures included India, Hittite, Iran, Assyrian, Babylonian, Parthian, Persian, Egypt, Roman, Greek, Byzantine and more. | ||
| Soucek, Svat | ||
| Persian Gulf: Its Past and Present (2004) | ||
| Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 2004 | ||
| Soudavar, Abolala | ||
| The Aura of Kings. Legitimacy and Divine Sanction in Iranian Kingship (2003) | ||
| In: Bibliotheca Iranica. Intellectual traditions series ; no. 10 | ||
| Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 2003, xiv+178 p. | ||
| Spear, Nathaniel, Jr. | ||
| A Treasury of Archaeological Bells (1978) | ||
| New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1978 | ||
| Speidel, Michael P. | ||
| "Pannonische Legionen in Caracallas Parther-krieg. Drei Inschriften aus Zeugma am Euphrat" (1985) | ||
| In: Festschrift für Artur Betz zur Vollendung seines 80, Arhcäol.-Epigraph. Studien 1 | ||
| 1985, p. 605 ff. | ||
| Spruner von Merz, Karl | ||
| Asien am Ende des II. Jahrhunderts. Zeit des Parther-Reiches und der Han-Dynastie in China (1854-1855) | ||
| In: Dr. Karl von Spruner's Historisch-geographischer Hand-Atlas | ||
| Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1854 | ||
| Srivastava, Lily | ||
| "Historical Significance of the Figures of Kings and deties found on the coins of Indo-Seythian, Parthian and Kushana Kings" (2000) | ||
| In: Bajpai, K. D.; Jamindar, Rasesh & Trivedi, P. K. (eds.), Gleanings of Indian Archaeology History and Culture, in honour of Prof. R N Mehta. Vol. I, Epigraphy and Numismatics, Chapter 34 | ||
| Jaipur: Publication Scheme, 2000 | ||
| Srivastava, Prashant | ||
| Aspects of Ancient Indian Numismatics (1996) | ||
| 1996, 392 p. | ||
| Abstract:
This is the first comprehensive study of the joint, commemorative, and victory coins of ancient India, which form a more important source of history than the normal issues. The Introduction discusses the nature and scope of the work. The book is divided into three sections dealing with the Joint Issues, Commemorative Medallions, and Victory Medals. The first five chapters, forming Section I, deal with the joint issues of the Indo-Greeks; Scytho-Parthians; Kusanas, Gadaharas, Sakas, and Siladas; of the pre-Gupta period; and finally, of the Imperial Guptas, respectively. Section II is divided into four chapters dealing with the commemorative medallions of the Indo-Greeks; Kusanas; pre-Gupta period; and of the Imperial Guptas, respectively. An appendix to Chapter VI discusses the Helios on Quadriga Type of coin of Plato'. Chapter X comprising Section III, is concerned with the Victory Medals of Ancient India, the 'Jitam Bhagavata Padmanabhena Coins' being Discussed in an appendix to this chapter. The various coin-types have been studied for their politica-cultural importance, and corroborative evidence in the form of literature, inscriptions, icons, and sculptures, etc. has freely been made use of. Adetailed bibliography, an exhaustive index, and sixeen plates od photographic illustrations add to the merit of the work. | ||
| Srtrugnell, E. | ||
| "Thea Musa, Roman Queen of Parthia" (2008) | ||
| Iranica Antiqua, 2008, vol. 43, p. 275-298. | ||
| Staatliche Museen zu Berlin | ||
| Durch vier Jahrtausende Altvorderasiatischer Kultur : Vorderasiatisches Museum (1962) | ||
| 1962, 282 p. | ||
| Abstract: Includes Hoffassade des Parther-Palastes aus Assur | ||
| Stackelberg, R. von | ||
| Iranica (1891) | ||
| Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 1891, vol. 45, p. 620. | ||
| Abstract: On the mythical Kavi Arshan and eponymous ancestor of the Arsacids. | ||
| Stähelin, F. | ||
| "Sinatrukes" (1927) | ||
| In: RE A 5 | ||
| 1927, p. 222 ff. | ||
| Bibliography - Page 59 |
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