| Rodee, H. David | ||
| "Art History on Persian and Phoenician Coinage" (1956) | ||
| In: Ancient and Medieval Coins: Selections from The Numismatist. | ||
| Racine: Whitman Publishing Co., 1960, p. 163-171. | ||
| Abstract: Reprinted from The Numismatist, Nov 1956. The focus is on Persian art and Phoenicia, specificially excluding references to the Parthian kings. | ||
| Rodgers, Charles J. | ||
| Catalogue of the coins collected by Charles J. Rodgers and purchased by the Government of Panjab (1893) | ||
| Calcutta: 1893 | ||
| Abstract:
Vol. 1: Mughal and Suri Sultans of India Vol. 2: Miscellaneous Muhammadan coins Vol. 3: Græco-Bactrian Vol. 4: Miscellanea | ||
| Catalogue of the coins in the Indian Museum [Calcutta] (1893-1896) | ||
| In: 4 vols | ||
| Calcutta: Trustees of the Indian Museum, 1893 | ||
| Græco-Bactrian and Indo-Scythian, Parthian, Sassanian and miscellaneous coins (1896) | ||
| In: Catalogue of the coins of the Indian Museum [Calcutta], vol. 3 | ||
| Calcutta: 1896, 288 p. | ||
| Abstract: Vol. 3: Græco-Bactrian: presents an enchanting variety of coins. Not only are included here the coins of the Græco-Bactrian and Indo-Skythian kings, but also the Parthian, Selukidian, Roman & Byzantine coins. It also catalogues coins of ancient India, some of which were probably among the ones current at the time of Alexander's invasion. [publisher] | ||
| Rogers, E. | ||
| "Rare and Unpublished Coins of the Seleucid Kings of Syria" (1912) | ||
| Numismatic Chronicle, 1912, tome/ser. 4, vol. 12, p. 237-264. | ||
| Rohden, P. v. | ||
| "Abdus" (1894) | ||
| In: RE 1 | ||
| 1894, 27 p. | ||
| "Abdagaeses" (1894) | ||
| In: RE 1 | ||
| 1894, 21 p. | ||
| Roller, Duane W. | ||
| The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier (2003) | ||
| London: Routledge, 2003 | ||
| Abstract: Chapter 9, "The Eastern Expedition with Gaius Caesar", describes the scholars who accompanied Gaius on his circa 2 BC expedition to deal with succession problems in Armenia and Parthia: Isadore of Charax and the client kings Juba (Mauretania) and Archelaos (Kappadokia). There are also a few other mentions of Parthia throughout the book. | ||
| Rollin, Charles | ||
| Histoire romaine depuis la fondation de Rome jusqu'a la bataille d'Actium, Tome XV (1748) | ||
| Paris: Chez la veuve Estienne & fils, 1748, vol. 15, 518 p. | ||
| Abstract:
Contenu: Plaintes de Brutus contre Cicéron, contenus dans deux lettres, l'une à Cicéron lui-même, l'autre à Atticus. Fondation de la ville de Lyon. Octavien fait condamner juridiquement ceux qui avaient tué César.... Domitius qui n'avait point eu part à l'action est compris dans la condamnation; Octavien fait périr Q.gallius prêteur de la ville. Il fait révoquer par le Sénat les Décrets rendus contre Antoine. Octavien, Antoine & Lépidus se réunissent; Leur entrevue dans une isle du réno. Ils contestent sur ceux qu'ils doivent proscrire; Echange de la tête de Cicéron contre celles de l'oncle d'Antoine & du frère de Lépidus. Octavien autant & plus cruel que ses collègues.... Mort de Cicéron; Invectives des Ecrivains en tout genre contre Antoine au sujet de cette mort; Pourquoi Octavien a été épargné. Portrait de Cicéron. Mot de Brutus sur sa mort. C.Antonius tué par représailles.... Mouvement des Parthes .Guidés par Labiénus le fils, ils envahissent la Syrie; Ils établissent Antigonus Roi de la Judée & emmènent prisonnier Hyrcan. Labiénus soumet la Cilicie & pénètre jusques dans la Carie. Ventidius lieutenant d'Antoine arrive & remporte sur les Parthes deux victoires consécutives. Antoine jaloux de la gloire de Ventidius, part d'Athènes pous se mettre à la tête de ses armées; troisième victoire de Ventidius ou périt Pacorus Prince des Parthes. Ventidius n'ose pousser ses avantages, de peur d'irriter la jalousie d'Antoine; Siège de Samosates, dont le succès ne fait pas d'honneur à Antoine; Triomphe de Ventidius; Prise de jérusalem par Sosius & par Hérode.... | ||
| "The History of the Parthians" (1856) | ||
| In: Farr, Edward (ed.), Ancient History: Containing the History of the Egyptians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Medes, Lydians, Carthaginians, Persians, Macedonians, the Seleucidæ in Syria, and Parthians from Rollin, and other Authentic Sources, both Ancient and Modern, Volume IV. | ||
| Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach, Keys & Co., 1856, p. 341-362. | ||
| Abstract: A very readable and succinct history, written in a charming mid-nineteenth century tone with a strong Christian moralist undercurrent, but substantially factual even in the light of more modern research and finds. Unfortunately, it only makes passing reference to the sources and Farr fails to defend such positions as the Parthian orgins being indigenous Persian, not Saka or other immigrant peoples. | ||
| Rollin, Charles, & Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis | ||
| Histoire romaine depuis la fondation de Rome jusqu'a la bataille d'Actium (1748-1754) | ||
| In: 16 volumes | ||
| Paris: Chez la veuve Estienne & fils, 1748 | ||
| Abstract: Note Tomes 8-9, revû et rendu complet par M. Crevier: t.10-16 par M. Crevier, pour servir de continuation a l'ouvrage de M. Rollin | ||
| Romania, Socialist Republic of | ||
| Arta iranianä in collectiile din Republica Socialista România. Expozitia [L'art iranien dan les collections de la République Socialiste de la Roumanie. Exposition. In Romanian] (1971) | ||
| Bucharest: 1971, 80 p. | ||
| Abstract: Coins at the exhibition include a siglos of Artaxerxes I, darics of Artaxerxes III, a stater issued by Maxeus, satrap at Soli, a hemilepton of Strato II, drachms and tetradrachms of the kings of Parthia from Mithradates II to Artabanus V and tomans of the Kajar shahs. [Gh. Poenaru Bordea] | ||
| Root, Margaret Cool | ||
| "Seals from Seleucia. Part II: The Hellenistic and Parthian Corpus" (In prep) | ||
| Abstract: Listed on her personal page at http://www.umich.edu/~hartspc/histart/faculty/root.html | ||
| Rose, Charles Brian | ||
| "The Parthians in Augustan Rome" (2005) | ||
| American Journal of Archaeology, 2005, vol. 109, no. 1 (Jan), p. 21-75. | ||
| Abstract: This article considers the conception and commemoration of foreigners, especially Parthians, as diagrammed in the triumphal imagery of Augustan Rome. The interaction of Trojan and Parthian iconography during the Augustan period is analyzed, as is the new attitude toward the representation of foreigners that developed in Rome during the early Empire, when barbarians were presented as contributors to peace rather than its opponents. The focus is the general topographical context of the Parthian Arch on the east side of the Roman Forum, but the article also includes new iconographic readings of the Primaporta cuirass, the Ara Pacis, the Basilica Aemilia Parthians, and the altar from the Vicus Sandaliarius, as well as triumphal monuments in Athens, Corinth, and Antioch-in-Pisidia. The cuirassed figure facing the Parthian on the Primaporta breastplate is identified as Roma, and the Eastern woman and child on the south frieze of the Ara Pacis are linked to the Parthian royal family resident in Rome during the Augustan period. A triumphal arch celebrating Gaius Caesar’s success over the Parthians is reconstructed between the Basilica Aemilia and the temple of Divus Julius, and its decoration was clearly designed to complement that of the adjacent Parthian Arch and the Temple of the Dioscuri. The imagery on the eastern side of the Roman Forum can be read as a program outlining the Julian dynasty’s involvement with the Parthians, and suggesting that the East had finally been domesticated. [Author] | ||
| Rosenfield, John M. | ||
| The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans (1967) | ||
| Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967, 377 p. | ||
| Abstract: Weight and money standards, monograms, dieties pictured, distribution in South India and finds in eastern India are discussed for Graeco-Bactrian, Indo-Greek, Gupta, Parthian, Saka and some Roman coinage. | ||
| Ross, E. Denison | ||
| Persian art (1930) | ||
| London: Luzac and Company, 1930, 107 p. | ||
| Abstract:
Pub. for the International Exhibition of Persian Art, Royal Academy 1931. --Historical introduction, by E.D. Ross --Persian art, by R. Fry --Early Persian art, by C.J. Gadd --Architecture, by K.A.C. Creswell --Painting, by L. Binyon --Pottery and glass, by B. Rackham --Textile art, by L. Ashton --Carpets, by C.E.C. Tattersall --Metal-work, by L. Ashton | ||
| The Persians (1931) | ||
| Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1931, 142 p. | ||
| Ross, Steven Kirk | ||
| Towards Roman Edessa: 114-242 C.E. (1997) | ||
| 1997 | ||
| Abstract: The ancient city of Edessa (modern-day Urfa, Turkey) is studied from the point of view of politics, society and culture during a period of increasing Roman involvement in the East, beginning with Trajan's Parthian War (114- 116 C.E.). Well-watered and located on an important trade route, Edessa (founded ca. 304 B.C.E.) saw major urban development in the Seleucid period, but came under Parthian influence at the end of the second century. Its rulers--the Abgarid dynasty with Arab/Nabataean connections--pursued a semi-independent policy until Edessa came permanently within the Roman orbit under Septimius Severus (194 C.E.). The dissertation clarifies the process of absorption into the empire using epigraphic, numismatic and historical material, some recently discovered. Analyzing newly published documents and the coins of Edessa's last king, Abgar X (239-242 C.E.), it concludes that this king took his throne in service to Rome during the confrontation with Sassanid Persia, holding an official 'consulship,' perhaps signifying a regional governorship. A major section takes up the cultural life and antecedents of Edessa, which in the later period became a center of Christian activity and an important link in the transmission of Classical literature via Syriac and Arabic. Focusing on Edessene religion, on Bardai san, the 'first Syriac philosopher,' and on artistic influences as reflected in funerary mosaics, it concludes that the period beginning with Abgar VIII was a Golden Age of prosperity and cultural production. Greek, Semitic and Persian cultural influences contributed to a unique culture that could be called neither 'eastern' nor 'western' in its primary orientation. Although the earliest preserved Syriac literature contains concepts derived from Greek philosophy, evidence for the first two centuries of the Common Era is scarce, and no firm conclusions can be drawn about the extent of Hellenization at Edessa before the arrival of Christianity. The famous myth of an exchange of letters between a King Abgar and Jesus is shown to have no basis in fact, and not to reflect--as has been widely thought-- the conversion of a later king to Christianity. [Author] | ||
| Rostovtzeff, M. I. | ||
| Iranians and Greeks in south Russia (1922) | ||
| Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922 | ||
| "Inlaid Bronzes of the Han Dynasty in the collection of C. T. Loo" (1927) | ||
| Paris: G. Vanoest, 1927, 76 p. | ||
| Abstract: Oncludes interesting thoughts on the diffusion of Greek and Iranian art to China, some mentions of the "Parthian shot" from horseback, and discussion of the flying gallop and its (probably) Minoan origins. See The American Historical Review, vol. 33, no. 2, Jan 1928, p. 491. | ||
| The Excavations at Dura-Europos: Preliminary Report of Second Season of Work, October 1928-April 1929 (1931) | ||
| In: Yale Classical Studies | ||
| New Haven: Yale University Press, 1931 | ||
| The Excavations at Dura-Europos Conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters: Preliminary Report of Fifth Season of Work, October 1931-March 1932 (1931-1932) | ||
| In: Yale Classical Studies | ||
| New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934 | ||
| Caravan Cities (1932) | ||
| Oxford: 1932 | ||
| "Seleucid Babylonia, Bullae and Seals of Clat with Greek Inscriptions" (1932) | ||
| In: Yale Classical Studies, vol. 3 | ||
| New Haven: Yale University Press, 1932 | ||
| "L'hellenisme en Mésopotamie" (1933) | ||
| Scientia, 1933, vol. 153, p. 110-124. | ||
| Abstract: Pge 120 f provides comentary on the F. Cumont edition of the Artabanus III letter to Susa, validating the election of the city treasurer. | ||
| "Dura and the Problem of Parthian Art" (1935) | ||
| In: Yale Classical Studies, vol. 5 | ||
| New Haven: Yale University Press, 1935, p. 155-304. | ||
| "Early Christian and Judean Art in Mesopotamia; Recent Discoveries at Dura-Europos" (1935) | ||
| In: Proceedings of the British Academy | ||
| London: 1935 | ||
| "The Sarmathae and Parthians" (1936) | ||
| In: The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 11. The Imperial Peace. A.D. 70 - 192 | ||
| Cambridge: 1936, p. 91-130. | ||
| "Parthian art and the motive of the flying gallop" (1937) | ||
| In: Independence, convergence, and borrowing in institutions, thought, and art. Harvard Tercentenary Conference of Arts and Sciences (1936 : Cambridge, Mass.) | ||
| 1937, p. 44-56. | ||
| Abstract: Paper presented at a symposium of the Harvard tercentenary conference of arts and sciences (August 31-September 12, 1936) | ||
| "Kaiser Trajan and Dura" (1938) | ||
| Klio, 1938, vol. 31, p. 285-292. | ||
| Dura Europos and its Art (1938) | ||
| Oxford: 1938 | ||
| The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World (1941) | ||
| In: 3 vols. | ||
| Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972 | ||
| Abstract:
First published 1941; reprinted from corrected sheets of the 1st ed., 1953, 1959, 1964, 1967, 1972; re-issued 1986. "Index of sources": v.3, p. 1750-1779 Bibliography included in "Notes" (v.3, p. 1313-1631) | ||
| "The Parthian Shot" (1943) | ||
| American Journal of Archaeology, 1943, vol. 42, p. 174-187. | ||
| "Syria and the East" (1984) | ||
| In: The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 7 | ||
| Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 91-130. | ||
| Rostovtzeff, M. I. and Welles, C. B. | ||
| "A Parchment Contract of Loan from Dura Europus on the Euphrates" (1931) | ||
| In: Yale Classical Studies, vol. 2 | ||
| New Haven: Yale University Press, 1931, p. 1-78. | ||
| Abstract: Title also seen cited as "A Parchment Contract from Dura" | ||
| Rostovtzeff, M. I.; Bellinger, Alfred R.; Brown, F. E. & Welles, C. B. (eds.) | ||
| The excavations at Dura-Europos, final report IV (1943) | ||
| New Haven: Yale University Press, 1943 | ||
| Rougemont, Georges | ||
| "Inscriptions grecques d'Iran" (1999) | ||
| In: Boucharlat, Rémy (ed.), Empires Perses d'Alexandre aux Sassanides | ||
| Dossiers d'Archeologie, 1999, no. 243, p. 6-7. | ||
| Roux, Georges | ||
| Ancient Iraq (1992) | ||
| New York: Penguin Books, 1992, 3 ed., 547 p. | ||
| Abstract:
See Chapter 25 Death of a Civilization, pp. 418-422 The Achaemenian Period The Hellenistic Period The Parthian Period | ||
| Rowland, B. | ||
| "Hellenistic Sculpture in Iran" (1955) | ||
| Art Quarterly, 1955, vol. 18, p. 171-179. | ||
| Rtveladze, E. V. | ||
| Drevnie monety Srednei Azii [Ancient coins of Central Asia] (1987) | ||
| Tashkent: Izd-vo lit-ry i iskusstva im. Gafura Guliama, 1987, 183 p. | ||
| Abstract: Introduction in Uzbek, Russian and English. Titles on added t.p.: Urta Osiëning kadimgi tangalari. The ancient coins of Central Asia. Nine Parthian coins illustrated but two have only the obverse. | ||
| O zone parfyanskih vladenij v Zapadnoj Baktrii. Staryj Merv v drevnej i srednevekovoj istorii [About the area of Parthian possesions in western Bactria. The Old Merve in the ancient times and Middle Ages] (1992) | ||
| Ashhabad: 1992 | ||
| "Kampir-Tepe: Structures, Written Documents, and Coins" (1994) | ||
| Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 1994, tome/ser. New, vol. 8, p. 141-154. | ||
| Abstract: On page 150 lists the coin finds at Kampir-tepe. Included are 4 of Orodes II (80-70 BC); 1 of Phraates IV (40-3 BC); 1 of Phraates V (3 BC - AD 3); and 1 of Gotarzes II (AD 43-50). Also found were Parthian coins with countermarks: 1 of Phraates IV (head of ruler facing left) and 3 of Phraates V (head of ruler facing right) [Attributions are Rtveladze's, not consistent with Sellwood] | ||
| "Parthia and Bactria" (1995) | ||
| In: Invernizzi, Antonio (ed.), In the Land of the Gryphons: Papers on Central Asian Archaeology in Antiquity; Monografie di Mesopotamia vol 5 | ||
| Florence: Casa Editrice Le Lettere, 1995, p. 181-190. | ||
| Abstract: The history of Parthian-bactrian relations over almost five hundered years in light of source material and numismatic data from Bactria. [C. A. Bromberg] | ||
| Monety na Velikom shelkovom puti [The coins on the Great Silk Road] (1998) | ||
| Numizmatika Tsentral’noi Azii, 1998, vol. 3 | ||
| Abstract: The author defines the three main periods in the monetary circulation of 'Western Turkestan' by summarizing the data on local coinage and on the finds of Chinese, Parthian, Roman and Byzantine coins. [Aleksandr Naymark] | ||
| "Parfija i Juechzhijskaja Baktrija (nekotorye aspekty politicheskoj istorii)" (2000) | ||
| IMKU, 2000, vol. 31, p. 86-90. | ||
| Abstract: "Le nombre de monnaies parthes (en cuivre et en argent), trouvés le long de l'Amu Darya, à Termez, Khodzha Gul'suar et surtout Kampyr Tepe semble indiquer une conquête parthe de ce secteur vers le début du Ier siècle av. n. è. et qui aurait continué jusqu'au milieu du Ier siècle de n. è. (les dernières monnaies sont de Gotarzes II qui règne entre 41 et 53 de n. è.)". Cited by S. Stride, "Géogrphie Archélogique de la Province de Surkhan Darya" (Doctoral Thesis, Univ. Paris I, 2004): 2004:321. | ||
| "Monetary circulation in ancient Tokharistan" (2004) | ||
| In: Symposium: After Alexander: Central Asia Before Islam. Themes in the history and Archaeology of Western Central Asia The British Academy, London, 23-25 June 2004 | ||
| 2004 | ||
| Abstract:
The toponym Tokharistan first appears in the Chinese text - Vibhasa – sastra. However, Tokharistan appeared in Bactria (the north of Afganistan, Southern Tadjikistan and Uzbekistan) five centuries earlier, according to Strabo. The Tokharians, together with the Assianis, Passianis and Sakaravlis, took part in the destruction of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom in the beginning of the second half of the 2nd century B.C. Ptolemy (2nd century AD) distinguishes a big Tokharian tribe in Bactria, emphasizing the predominant role of the Tokharians among the other tribes of Bactria. Thus, we can suppose that the toponym Tokharistan appears considerably earlier than the 4th century AD. This paper discusses the period from the second half of the 2nd century BC to the 4th century AD. We can distinguish three periods of money circulation in ancient Tokharistan: The Post-Hellenistic period – the second half of the 2nd century BC to the mid-1st century AD – the time of the Kushan conquest of Bactria during the reign of Peroz. The Kushan period– the mid-1st century to the second half of the 3rd century AD. The Post-Kushan or Kushano-Sasanian period - the second half of the 3rd century to the end of the 4th century AD. 1. The Post-Hellenistic period. The absence of a common coinage in the region and the variety of coins struck by Yuechi (Tokharian) rulers in different areas of Bactria-Tokharistan is typical. In such a way, the imitations of drachms and tetradrachms of Helioclus, which had two types with Zeus and a horse on the reverse site, circulated in N and NW Bactria. Later, the territory of circulation of these coins included all of Bactria. Probably, it was the coinage of the supreme rulers of the Great Yuechis, the imitations of obols of Eucratides, that circulated in NE Bactria. Western Bactria, the Bactra-Balkh region, was the area where silver and bronze coins of the Sapadbizes Dynasty circulated. The imitations of Parthian coins of Fraat 4 and the same coins with the mintages of the rulers of Sapadbizes Dynasty also circulated. In the Amu Darya valley, almost up to Termez, bronze and silver Parthian coins from Orodes II reign (57-39 BC) to the time of the Kushan conquest of Bactria circulated. The results of the excavations of Kampyr-tepe suggest that the Parthians conquered the Amu Darya valley at the time of Orodes II and that they controlled an important trade route from India to the West. Furthermore Kampyr-tepe was the Parthian outpost in the East. The tetradrachms and obols of Kushan ("Heraus") and his successors circulated in NE Bactria, a zone adjacent to the Amu Darya, and, probably, in the SE part of this region. Silver coins of Tanlismaidates, the Fseigaharis ruler circulated in one region of S Bactria and Parthia. The second period is characterized by the circulation of gold and bronze coins of a common coinage of Kushan rulers in the territory of Bactria – Tokharistan, beginning from the reign of Soter Megas (Vima Tokto) to Kanishka III inclusive. The finds of Kushan coins in Bactria – Tokharistan are numerous. For instance, in Kampyr-tepe, which is comparatively small, more than 500 Kushan coins, of Soter Megas, Kadphises II and Kanishka, have been found. At the same time, in sites and settlements of N and W Bactria there is absence of Kudjula Kadphises's coins, although finds are numerous in Taksila. This fact suggests that Bactria – Tokharistan did not belong to the Kushans in the days of Kadphises's II. The third period divides into two. From the time of the rule of Shapur I (241-262 A.D) imitation coins of Vasudeva I and Kanishka III circulated. These are well illustrated, thanks to the hoard from Dalverzin tepe, which consisted of imitations of Kushan coins and drachms of Shapur I. The circulation of imitations and gold and bronze Kushano-Sasanian, Sasanian-Kushan coins of all Kushan-Shahs is typical of the second stage of this period. The coin finds of both types are numerous. The hoard from Alibaytepa in the Surkhandarya valley is particularly significant and includes more than 1000 coins (imitations of Kushan coins of Vasudeva I, Kanisha III and Sasanian – Kushan coins of differrent types). [Author] | ||
| Rubin, Zeev | ||
| "Dio, Herodian and Severus' Second Parthian war" (1975) | ||
| Chiron, 1975, vol. 5, p. 419-441. | ||
| Russell, J. | ||
| "The scepter of Tiridates" (2001) | ||
| Le Muséon, 2001, vol. 114, no. fasc. 1-2, p. 187-215. | ||
| Russell, J. R. | ||
| Zoroastrianism in Armenia (1983) | ||
| In: Series Harvard Iranian studies ; v. 5 | ||
| Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983, vi+578 p. | ||
| Bibliography - Page 50 |
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